| Scenario |
Value at end |
Gain / loss |
Shortfall |
Total cost |
Eff. monthly cost |
Appreciation — car gains value
Depreciation — car loses value
How it works: Effective monthly cost = (total interest + depreciation loss + any loan shortfall − capital gain) ÷ term. If the car appreciates enough to exceed the interest paid, the effective monthly cost goes negative — meaning the car made you money. Deposit is returned at sale and is not counted as a cost.